6/21/2026 at 4:29:55 PM
The top graph makes it seem much more dramatic than it is.Maritime shipping is very efficient, and consists of a very small fraction of overall petroleum usage.
Road transportation uses about 20x as much fuel as ocean shipping, planes use about 2x as much, and trains about the same amount.
The typical rule of thumb is that about 40% of the energy in a barrel of petroleum is lost before it goes into your gas tank. And the two big factors are the energy required to do the refining and delivering the fuel from the refinery to the gas station. Shipping the crude from the oil field to the refinery is a factor, but a small one in comparison.
This 40% is the main reason why driving an EV emits less carbon than driving an equivalently sized gas vehicle even if you're topping up that EV with the dirtiest electricity you can find.
P.S. maritime shipping typically uses very dirty fuel. We'll probably notice the reduction in sulfur pollution more than the reduction in CO2.
P.P.S 3% of a very large number is still itself a large number, so it's still worth looking for solutions.
by bryanlarsen
6/21/2026 at 5:08:31 PM
Why is the EV better? Because electricity transmission is more efficient than gas? What about the losses in the electricity transmission and the batteries and the conversion to motive force in the motor? Is it way less than that 40%? And wouldn’t there be more than 0% losses because refinery -> power plant shipping?I’m pro EV by the way, I just want to understand your point better. Being able to go all the way to transportation using clean energy is an obvious benefit of EVs. The “dirty electricity” angle is less obvious to me.
by lukevp
6/21/2026 at 5:22:33 PM
In an EV about 90% of the energy used is converted into motion. About 10% goes to heat. [1][3]In an ICE engine about 30% of the energy becomes motion. About 70% is heat.[2]
In other words electric motors are about 3 times more efficient than ICE.
[1] an interesting side effect of this is that in cold climates you can't just harvest waste heat to heat the cabin (or batteries. ) So you end up using some battery energy if you need heat.
[2] ICE motors vary in effeciency a lot. 20-30% is typical. The Carnot formula comes into play here.
[3] because there is so little heat generated, the cooling systems (EVs still have them) are much smaller. And simpler (for example, no fan, 'cause there's no heat when standing still.)
by bruce511
6/21/2026 at 5:25:27 PM
Who cares about motor efficiency when you can only take 10% as much fuel. At the end of the day, cost is the only metric that matters.by tsss
6/21/2026 at 5:32:50 PM
The cost of EV energy (to the driver) is about half that of the cost of gas energy. And that's if you buy electricity at charging stations [1].If you charge at home it gets less. If you have solar at home it approaches zero.
Yes, the cost of the car itself is a factor, but even there prices are dropping all the time.
>> when you can only take 10% as much fuel
effeciency makes all the difference when we discuss % of fuel. 90% of 100 mj is the same as 30% of 300 mj. So already the "fuel" can be 66% less. Generally though the raw amount of mj isn't a very important number. A better measure (which takes effeciency, and tank size into account) is "range". But even that is somewhat meaningless. At some point range is "enough". For daily commutes that may be 50 miles. For long-distance it might be 500 miles.
In only a very few cases would a pickup with 2000 mile range be more useful than one with 1000 mile range.
Plus you can also factor in maintenance costs. The cost of ownership of an ev, from a service and maintenance point of view is a lot lower.
[1] ymmv somewhat. Although electricity prices vary a lot, so do gas prices. The 50% saving (at worst) is a pretty good rule of thumb though.
by bruce511
6/21/2026 at 5:53:39 PM
Indeed, solar panels and EVs are the way of the self-sufficient rugged individualist. It's an amazing PR and marketing coup to make it the other way around and presented as something for "liberal weaklings" etc.by HPsquared
6/21/2026 at 6:47:59 PM
Right, the set of people who actually pump their own oil out of the ground, refine it into something you can put in a modern vehicle engine and drive around on that is likely zero, but the set of people who own panels and storage so they can fill their EV includes my team lead, who is just some guy on a pretty average salary living on a modern housing estate.The bio-fuel people at least make some kind of sense compared to fossil fuel "survivalists" - but again they're portrayed as just tree huggers!
by tialaramex
6/21/2026 at 9:55:17 PM
I think 1600 watts of solar panels produces enough energy to drive an EV 12000 miles a year. Your car though would have to be always plugged in during the day. But probably 3200 watts would be enough for a car used for commuting to be charged mornings, evenings, and weekends.by Gibbon1
6/21/2026 at 10:07:35 PM
> Your car though would have to be always plugged in during the dayOr just have a second stationary battery to store up the energy while you're away during the day.
by gpm
6/22/2026 at 1:08:39 AM
Two cars, much cheaper than a second battery pack. And you have a supply of rolling spare parts.by sitkack
6/22/2026 at 1:10:44 AM
This is probably the case right now, but I have faith the market will mature and fix that absurdity.by gpm
6/22/2026 at 1:14:54 AM
i was thinking used where you can get a Nissan Leaf which is a 75 kW, 20 kWh rolling battery pack.by sitkack
6/22/2026 at 3:19:14 PM
That's no longer the case. You can buy Chinese rack batteries for prices approaching $100/kWh.by bryanlarsen
6/22/2026 at 3:43:47 PM
Are they UL certified? If so do you have a brand you can point me at by any chance?by gpm
6/22/2026 at 3:54:26 PM
> UL certified?Not generally, although some are. The UL certification will put you at the top end of the $100 - $200 / kWh range I mentioned. Eco-worthy and UZ are two brands with such certification.
Will Prowse reviews a bunch of these.
by bryanlarsen
6/22/2026 at 3:56:11 PM
Thanks :)by gpm
6/22/2026 at 3:54:18 AM
Not to be picky, but 1600w is a really small solar system. These days a panel is around 500w.Where I stay 8 panels is a "small" system. I have 20. In summer that generates 85% of my household needs. (It would be 100% but I deliberately only got a very small 5kw battery.)
In winter it's less (mostly because of heating requirements). But I have space for some more panels, so I'm running the numbers. (I'm currently getting 16% return on capital spent, and there's a point of diminishing returns.)
Obviously ymmv. There are roof, and land, constraints. There are financial constraints etc. But being off-grid, or partially off grid, is very possible for a lot of folk.
by bruce511
6/23/2026 at 7:35:18 AM
Just making the point that the cost of solar panels to power a car is a fraction of the purchase price of the car.If the world can afford to manufacture 100 million light vehicles a year it can afford to manufacture the solar panels to power them.
by Gibbon1
6/21/2026 at 7:49:31 PM
>It's an amazing PR and marketing coup to make it the other way around and presented as something for "liberal weaklings" etc.If there is such a marketing, then people relate to it because EVs are not suited for handling unpredictable situation. You got stuck in a ditch in the middle of nowhere at night, you loss all of your battery getting out of it, and now you are stuck. So you can't take it to unforgiving places.
EVs are great for boring commute that is it. I don't see it changing any time soon.
by qsera
6/21/2026 at 9:15:14 PM
> You got stuck in a ditch in the middle of nowhere at night, you loss all of your battery getting out of it, and now you are stuck.I find it interesting how you’re presenting that incredibly unlikely scenario as a serious objection to an EV when simply going off the road is a once in a lifetime or less situation for most drivers, much less precisely calibrating it so your vehicle is not damaged too much to be unusable but still needed a massive amount of power to get free.
That’s an interesting counterpoint to something which happens to thousands drivers every year: having a bad storm cause them to sit in lengthy lines waiting for fuel (this was weeks the last time I was in Florida) or, in colder weather, idling through a tank of gas while stuck waiting for ice to be cleared.
by acdha
6/21/2026 at 9:55:15 PM
The EV also has a ton more torque to get out of the ditch, and can apply it at very low speeds.by redwall_hp
6/22/2026 at 2:45:27 AM
A 4x4 with a 4L gear can give you all the torque you need, and it will provide it all day long.by qsera
6/22/2026 at 2:43:00 AM
>going off the road is a once in a lifetime or less situation for most driverIn my country, one don't have to go off road to get in that situation. Here I can never trust an EV like I trust an ICE for going to unfamiliar places.
I have said it multiple times, but it is just wishful thinking that humanity will behave differently/responsibly w.r.t disposal/recycle of batteries as EVs start replace ICEs on a global scale. I think it will be an even bigger problem than the current issue with green house gas emissions as the current generation appear to be greatly apologetic to the associated issues, as the past, generation were to the issues of ICE.
The circle of collective blindness repeats!
by qsera
6/21/2026 at 8:37:00 PM
If you slide off the road and get stuck in a ditch in the middle of the night, an EV is a lot more comfortable. Standard advice for keeping warm is to run the engine for ten minutes every hour and keep the window cracked open due to risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. By contrast, you can leave the EV with the heat on all night.by slavik81
6/22/2026 at 11:33:09 AM
How often are you driving into ditches at night? Typically this is something that only happens somewhere between never and once to most drivers in their lifetime, and the ones that do end up in a ditch are usually drunk.Aside from anything else, if you're in a ditch your car probably isn't drivable and needs towing somewhere to get fixed anyway. Whether you've used 100km of EV range trying and failing to get out of the ditch of 100km worth of fuel trying to get out of the ditch is irrelevant. If you need to use that much effort to get out of the ditch before realising it's a stupid plan that's not going to work and the correct solution is to call a tow truck, then you definitely shouldn't be driving that vehicle anyway.
by ralferoo
6/21/2026 at 8:08:40 PM
Surely you call a recovery truck to come pull you out and do an emergency charge on your battery, similar to how they’d provide you with emergency gas if your tank ran dry? Or tow you if they don’t have a charger?by jl6
6/22/2026 at 3:22:23 PM
A standard EV battery can power seat heaters for about a month. If you're "stuck in a ditch" you're better off with an electric car.by bryanlarsen
6/21/2026 at 10:57:29 PM
You have used multiple gallons of gas getting "unstuck" from somewhere? That is a ridiculous scenario.by AngryData
6/22/2026 at 5:06:13 AM
The point is that I have the lee way to even attempt it...by qsera
6/21/2026 at 8:20:09 PM
If you run out of gas you’re also stuck. Only upside is that the recovery service can bring you a few gallons of fuel instead of a tow.by elsonrodriguez
6/21/2026 at 9:22:31 PM
I somewhat suspect that's a temporary state of affairs. Nothing prevents a couple tons of batteries being put on a truck with a CCS charger to achieve the same thing.It won't be efficient but neither is driving a few liters of fuel to someone from a gas station.
by XorNot
6/22/2026 at 5:56:16 PM
Such things already exist in Europe. The RAC for instance:https://www.thecarexpert.co.uk/call-breakdown-provider-ev-ru...
by ninalanyon
6/21/2026 at 8:15:47 PM
Tow trucks are sometimes needed for gasoline cars too.by hnuser123456
6/21/2026 at 7:13:28 PM
Before the Iran war, I did a back of the envelope calculation for the price of gas of your average ICE for a certain fixed range vs. the price of electricity an average EV uses for the same range. This was under the assumption that you buy electricity at a random charging station that you don't have a contract with.Based on these average values I used, EVs fared slightly worse.
This was not factoring in costs of purchase or repairs etc. And all averages were taken off the internet so everything had to be taken with more than a grain of salt. But the outcome was nowhere near your statement of EV energy costing about half of the cost of gas for the driver.
by kleiba2
6/21/2026 at 7:41:45 PM
I've only had an EV 3 months now, but it'll never see a charging station.I pay around $.12/kw and get 4 miles per kw. So my "energy" costs are $.03/mile. I have a Mazda cx50 as well, it gets about 20-22mpg, with the gas prices here in Seattle that's around $.30/mile. Even where gas is cheaper that's still $.20/mile. Literally 10x the cost to run a gas car vs an EV.
I'm honestly shocked at how many people have EVs and rely on charging stations. I mean, I think it's a low number, but the fact that it's more than zero is shocking to me.
by kaydub
6/21/2026 at 10:01:36 PM
More people own cars than houses. I live in an apartment, and the only ways I'd be able to charge an electric car are expensive charging stations or plugging in an extension cord, leaving a sliding door cracked all night and hoping the property's management doesn't throw a fit, pets don't sneak out, somebody doesn't break in, etc.I've got a hybrid now, at least.
by redwall_hp
6/21/2026 at 11:10:06 PM
There’s plenty of cheap charging to be had in parking lots you’d otherwise park in. Many employers have charging stations. Plenty of apartments offer charging.But even if you can’t find any of those, L2 charging at stations is half as expensive as fast charging.
by sarchertech
6/21/2026 at 8:24:01 PM
The pacific northwest’s vast hydro capacity makes it maximally attractive to own an EV. The rest of the country isn’t nearly so lucky.by mercutio2
6/22/2026 at 8:14:09 AM
Is the hydro power already mostly consumed?What actually matters is where extra generation occurs to handle the marginal new load of new electric vehicles.
Everyone fools themselves because they look at the current percentage of hydropower and think that is what powers their car - when it rarely is.
by robocat
6/22/2026 at 10:09:37 PM
I don't think most people care where their electricity comes from, just the price.by kaydub
6/21/2026 at 11:15:52 PM
Neither Oregon nor Washington are in the top 10 states for cheapest residential power. Everywhere except for the Northeast and California has prices within a few cents per kWh of the Pacific Northwest.by sarchertech
6/21/2026 at 10:01:51 PM
One of the reasons Norway can go all electric (EV’s), but most of the world doesn’t have the hydroelectric resources they have.by Danox
6/21/2026 at 9:18:15 PM
Maybe it’s not as much cheaper but it’s cheaper than gas anywhere in the country.by acdha
6/22/2026 at 1:12:23 AM
Seattle City Light owns a sizable chunk of its generating capacity.by sitkack
6/21/2026 at 9:01:50 PM
I’m at $0.11 in Maryland which gets 40% of its power from nuclear.by rayiner
6/22/2026 at 12:03:45 AM
Doesn't make electricity much cheaperby tadfisher
6/21/2026 at 9:30:14 PM
I'm in the EU and the factor is 3-4x.by jwr
6/21/2026 at 7:32:50 PM
> buy electricity at a random charging stationWell there's your problem. Try doing the same calculation with the average residential electricity cost. Most car use is for commutes after all, so most people can just charge their EV in their driveway every night.
Destination charging and rapid charging are notoriously expensive. It's a luxury product intended for a once-a-year road trip. It is not even remotely representative of your average charging cost. Street-side charging is slightly less excessive, but you're still paying a serious premium.
by crote
6/21/2026 at 7:53:20 PM
> so most people can just charge their EV in their driveway every night.That does presume that those "most people" have a driveway where they can do charging. I.e., all apartment dwellers with cars in parking lots/garages (excluding those few that may have installed electrical plugs at each parking spot) are cut off, as are city dwellers without driveways who park on the street (or in another garage, again without electric hookups for charging).
Yes, eventually those garages and parking lots will likely include some form of "car charging" infrastructure, but until that happens, "most" is not as big of a percentage as that word makes it appear.
by pwg
6/21/2026 at 9:13:16 PM
It's probably too much to say everybody can do this, but a lot more can than seem to be included in typical estimates. Tomorrow I will walk to work and probably (if the owner hasn't left by then) I'll pass an EV that's plugged in to presumably an ordinary mains supply... via a hole cut in their fence because their car is sat on the street. I'm sure that sometimes they find somebody else took their prime parking spot, but not often. And of course "run the cable through the hole in my fence and lay down the conduit to protect it" isn't exactly an ideal setup, but it works and the car doesn't care how the electricity got there.by tialaramex
6/22/2026 at 6:47:16 AM
> until that happensMaybe society can coordinate that? The CO2 being emitted isn't waiting
by nextaccountic
6/21/2026 at 9:14:17 PM
In the city you just take the bus or metro. Did that for 22 years, no issues.by samudrijan
6/21/2026 at 7:23:49 PM
Doing the equation regularly would be interesting.There are some other parameters to consider too. Stopping for fuel is not something I enjoyed. I can charge at home. You won’t have to stop to refuel in an EV unless you’re going a long way. If you’re going a long way the stop will be longer. Much worse.
You won’t service an EV much, that’s nice.
The silence is bliss.
by lostlogin
6/21/2026 at 8:05:55 PM
In my area the fuel cost of a hybrid car is a better deal than recharging an EV at PG&E retail rates, but this is just a policy knob that we can turn whenever we decide to get serious about reducing greenhouse gas emissions. If people are ambivalent about the operating costs of EVs then it is up to the government to put their thumb on the scale with a motor fuel tax, such that EVs look like a great bargain.by jeffbee
6/21/2026 at 7:39:34 PM
We just bought our first (used) EV, and charging stations are the Wild West right now. Any random station you pull up to might charge close to the local cost of electricity, or some wild sky-high amount. And hopefully they’ll tell you what that is before you have to swipe your card. There the economics can swing towards gas cars depending on how absurd your local charging station prices are. For people filling their tank every couple days because of a 2 hour commute or something an EV may still not make sense financially. But if you’re putting in under 40 miles and have even a modest 120v 12 amp circuit you can plug into at home (e.g. a dedicated washing machine circuit) you’ll likely only need a charging station on rare occasions such as a road trip. As a matter of fact I am writing this from our first EV road trip. The inconvenience has been comparatively minor and our “fuel” costs should end up being about half of what they would have been in our hybrid SUV.by Fwirt
6/21/2026 at 10:07:47 PM
The Toyota Prius and the Rav hybrids are popular for many of the reasons you mentioned.by Danox
6/21/2026 at 7:25:21 PM
Were you using DC fast charging stations or level 2? Fast charging is about 2x the price.by sarchertech
6/21/2026 at 10:23:21 PM
If you think about it as "buying fuel" rather than as just a routine part of owning the vehicle I think the "fast charging" seems like how you'd do it. Like how at the turn of the century people bought a mobile telephone to make telephone calls. What do mean it's a computer? Why would you want a handheld computer?Humans are like this about a lot of things, imagine what it was like before widespread universal literacy. Why are we teaching everybody to read? What are they going to do with that skill? Until you've tried it, the fact that your entire populace can read doesn't seem like it would make a big difference.
by tialaramex
6/22/2026 at 4:14:48 AM
Yes, this. I notice most people unhappy with the EV concept are also not EV owners. Which makes sense, they've chosen not to get one.And yes, there are also EV owners who are unhappy, but they are much less common. In general, when I talk to EV owners they would not go back to ICE.
Yes, I hear the objections. But I also see communities overcoming those problems. I was in London a couple weeks ago, and I saw multiple EV's parked on the street being charged from the nearest lamppost. This in areas with little to no off-street parking.
I noticed in parking garages more and more charging points. And so on.
Yes, I imagine price does vary. But if the landlord in my office block puts in electric chargers then I expect we'd negotiate the price with him. He wants to keep tenants happy. We want to keep staff happy. I imagine cost of the actual electricity to the employee would be barely above municipal cost rate (if not below it.)
When it comes to charging availability, it's a problem that's pretty easy to solve. The difference in the last 5 years is remarkable. And it will continue to expand as demand picks up. And it can be solved by individuals with individual capital. So it can happen almost overnight.
by bruce511
6/21/2026 at 8:22:57 PM
Before I drove an EV, I drove a 50 mpg Prius. At California prices of ~$4/gallon, that’s $.08/mile.My post wildfires NEM2 off peak rate for electricity is $.40/kWh. My Bolt gets 4.5 miles/kWh. That’s $.1125/mile.
If I were driving a Tesla it would be worse (my wife’s Tesla lies mercilessly about its range when full; it’s like Elon Musk recapitulates himself; real world it gets about 3.5 miles/kWh), and if I drove a Rivian it would be MUCH worse.
So, in California, it isn’t true at all (mostly because rate payers are funding PG&E’s liability) that the most efficient EVs are cheaper than a good mileage gas car. No where near a 2x advantage (it was better, but not nearly 50%, when I bought it, more like 90% of the gas cost). At no point has it ever been close to 50% cheaper for fuel in California (which, as it happens, sells by far the most EVs).
Generally speaking, I think EV proponents (like me!) should spend a lot less time promoting “it’s cheaper”. It is, in practice, cheaper, because maintenance is cheaper. But Americans don’t care about levelized costs, they care about the highest salience variable expenses, and trying to convince them to do otherwise is a losing argument.
by mercutio2
6/22/2026 at 4:24:55 AM
Regarding range, and this is true for ICE too, how you drive matters enormously. There are lots of techniques that improve gas consumption or range.And yes, I'm sure there are places where gas and electricity get closer together. In the US gas is mostly untaxed. So it's closer. Elsewhere the tax-cost of gas works in EVs favor. [1].
Also I think PG&E is perhaps not representative of electricity producers.
So sure, in your area, the finances only make sense if you factor in maintenance. And if gas prices remain stable. And if you don't have solar. But again, all these factors vary wildly in various places.
[1] in the long run these taxes will need to be made up elsewhere. So that's a temp saving. But I'm enjoying it while it lasts.
by bruce511
6/21/2026 at 5:38:59 PM
My xpeng g9 goes about 570km in summer. Less in winter, like 480 maybe. Longest range ICE i had was a mercedes wagon that went 1050km on one tank of gas.Filling the wagon today would cost me like 170 euro. Filling my xpeng happens overnight and is about 7-9 euro depending on grid pricing.
by olivermuty
6/21/2026 at 5:53:06 PM
> cost is the only metric that matters.Negative externalities like pollution and climate change are not even priced in. Even if they were priced in, there are non-monetary factors that we could consider once in a while, but the conversation tends back to dollars.
by titzer
6/21/2026 at 6:25:46 PM
Many countries have high fuel taxes that approximate pricing in the negative externalities.Assuming you think price as a signal is the solution to dealing with those externalities, it doesn't matter what caused the price to be high.
by robocat
6/21/2026 at 7:06:01 PM
Fuel taxes are "in theory" the mechanism to price these in, but today, they are not, and how this money eventually has the opposite effect! Revenue from fuel taxes is usually funneled to more transportation infrastructure (> 80% to road construction in the US, only 15% to mass transit). The vast (and ironic!) indirect effect is more cars, more car miles, and more consumption--a long-term, indirect subsidy to fuel and auto industries. Approximately zero goes to regulation enforcement (like emissions inspections and other enforcement), which is funded by usage fees and general income taxes.by titzer
6/22/2026 at 7:33:45 AM
My underlying point is that money is fungible.How you account for the tax dollars received doesn't affect the pricing signal.
We have accounting systems to colour tax dollars. However that doesn't mean you can define cause and effect like you are attempting to do. Although I've no idea what we should do.
by robocat
6/21/2026 at 5:53:43 PM
The commenters above, is the answer to your question. Based on their discussion, there are metrics besides cost that matter to them.Not everyone is you.
by margalabargala
6/21/2026 at 8:32:03 PM
Very, very few people actually need to drive 500 miles in a day. Tank size is about convenience, about how often you need to go get gas and what times of day the stations are open.You can recharge your car at home every night. At 2 in the morning.
by hinkley
6/21/2026 at 5:39:52 PM
Transmission losses are orders of magnitude lower than transportation energy costs. You both get dramatically less loss per kilometer, and you have way fewer kilometers to travel. Transmission does get less efficient over longer distances; if you had a 20000km long transmission line it would be less efficient than shipping fossil fuels, but you simply don't need to do that.You have conversion losses to generate motion but these are again substantially less than the conversion of chemical energy to motion that occurs inside a combustion engine. Powerplants+electric motors will have conversion efficiencies around 30%; internal combustion engines will have conversion efficiencies around 10%.
With the exception of some remote locations or emergency situations with backup generators, you are almost certainly not consuming a fuel that requires refining to generate electricity. If you're burning coal or gas, it's coming from much closer, and it's being transported in bulk to the powerplant. Trucks taking fuels to the local distribution centers and ultimately gas stations are by far the largest transportation energy expense for petrol.
by jjk166
6/21/2026 at 6:23:29 PM
The other nice thing is that the batteries on cars can effectively act as grid energy storage even without v2g. Simple offpeak/low rate charging setups can take the most efficiently generated cheap power.In Australia power prices are often negative in the day due to solar and there's various variable rate plans you can get to take advantage (Australia dwarfs all other nations in per capita solar; even China is nowhere close per capita). I know workplaces that will actively encourage you to charge your car at work.
Power prices due to the excess solar keep falling - eg. 10% fall nationwide in July (middle of winter in Aus so not even near peak solar). https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/may/26/power...
For all the talk of 'solar can't replace fossil fuels' or 'electricity isn't green' Australia's gone and created a nation wide energy market that encourages rooftop solar and it's found itself with excess daytime energy at a time when the world has an energy crisis in Iran and the datacenters going up everywhere.
by AnotherGoodName
6/21/2026 at 6:42:12 PM
I don't disagree with you but every country is different. Australia gets a lot of sunshine and is sparsely populated, so plenty of room for solar anyway. This is not the case everywhere though.It can be a good example though of how you overproduce during the day and use that to charge car batteries for example
by hvb2
6/21/2026 at 7:27:09 PM
Australia is at about 3,5 persons per square kilometre and as you say one of the most sparsely populated countries on earth.Compare to for example Denmark at 149 persons per square kilometre. Denmark needs about 35 TWh per year in electricity, so about 1,7% of their land area would need to to covered with panels to supply that.
(This is obviously napkin math and just a thought exercise)
If they were to convert their sheep pastures to dual-use like this (https://www.americangrassfed.org/solar-grazing-with-sheep-a-...) Denmark would be almost 40% solar powered without giving up any additional land area.
Denmark obviously has a lot of wind power and should not convert to a majority solar power for their grid, but I want to illustrate that the land area use may not necessarily be such a strong argument against significantly increasing solar power in more densely populated countries.
by Y-bar
6/21/2026 at 10:10:50 PM
So why is Denmark along with the Swiss currently working on Thorum?by Danox
6/22/2026 at 5:23:57 AM
A private company based in Denmark is seeing a business opportunity on the open electricity market when neighbouring countries are deliberately slow.Because Sweden and Germany and Netherlands all have very high electricity prices due to stalled investments in new energy generation. For example the right-wing government in Sweden. has denied the building of over 340 coastal wind turbines of average 11kW a piece and 40 inland at average 6kW over the past three years because Sweden instead wants to build nuclear reactors. The motivation stated is that this wind power is not needed when nuclear will be built. Meanwhile a location for these new reactors has yet to be chosen.
by Y-bar
6/21/2026 at 5:27:14 PM
>> The “dirty electricity” angle is less obvious to me.A power plant typically gets about 60% of energy from a fossil source. A car does about 30%. So even if the electricity comes from say coal, it's still more efficient than buying gas in a car engine.
Of course, these days, it's likely that a substantial portion (up to 100% in some cases) is not "fossil electricity" but rather comes from solar, wind, hydro etc. Ie "clean" electricity.
by bruce511
6/21/2026 at 6:28:17 PM
Our energy aggregator is a non-profit Community Choice Aggregator with over 250,000 members that ensures 50% of the energy they purchase comes from renewables and 75% of all energy purchased is carbon free. And for an extra $0.00750 p/kWh you can opt into your consumption coming 100% from renewable sources.by cptskippy
6/21/2026 at 8:30:12 PM
60% efficiency? How do these power plants manage to circumvent the limit set by Carnot efficiency?by roelschroeven
6/21/2026 at 10:55:40 PM
They don’t. they capture the waste heat from the gas turbine and use it to make steam to spin another turbine. A gas turbine is ~40% efficient, add in a HRSG to make a combined cycle plant and you can get up to ~60%. You don’t even need a gas turbine to use a HRSG, any exhaust stream with enough heat will work, a boiler plant or similar.by quickthrowman
6/21/2026 at 8:54:47 PM
Natural gas burns at ~2200 K. Ambient temperature is ~300 K. 1 - 300/2200 = 86% as the Carnot limit?by slavik81
6/21/2026 at 8:18:59 PM
Coal burns dirtier and and is more Co2 intense than gas though.by wqaatwt
6/21/2026 at 5:33:42 PM
Grid loss is maybe 5%.The important driving factor is that generation becomes more efficient when you can use natural gas to turn turbines directly and then capture the waste heat to boil water and turn turbines with steam. This is called combined cycle if you want to google it to learn more.
Another thought exercise, if generating electricity with fossil fuels wasn’t more efficient at scale, why would we bother building a grid in the first place? Every house would just have a gas generator.
by kortilla
6/21/2026 at 5:48:28 PM
It's a bit hard to answer the "dirtiest fuel you can find" case specifically, because there are a number of areas where EVs are more efficient. The biggest difference is probably the fact that the internal combustion engine in a car is about 25% efficient, though it depends on the RPM it is running at etc (the reason hybrids can push it up to ~40-ish% depending on how new they are is because the engine is always running at the most efficient RPM when it runs), but the "dirtiest power" specifically would probably be a coal plant which is only about 30% to 40% efficient (9000 to 11000 BTU/kWh in imperial units) due to low temperatures and the inability to run it as a 2-stage, combined-cycle sort of setup (modern combined-cycle gas turbines are ~60% efficient which is one contributing factor to gas-based electricity being cheaper even though gas costs more per GJ, though since the price of natural gas is quite volatile that sometimes changes). Of course the transportation is different depending on which fuel is used for a power plant.In the worst-case scenario, accounting for the ~90% efficiency of the electric motors... Well, Xunmin et al. (2005) estimates 3–36%, so lifecycle emissions could be reduced by as little as 3% if you power it 100% by coal, which would be less than the what you'd get from a hybrid, but... You're not really going to find a power grid that is powered 100% by coal these days, even in China. Really the biggest advantage of a BEV, and any other electrification, is that if there are future investments in the grid (and there will be since generators don't last forever) you don't have to replace the engine of your car for it to automatically reduce emissions. The efficiency gains are just a cherry on top.
[Xunmin]: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S17505...
by Alpha3031
6/21/2026 at 8:10:20 PM
Re. "dirtiest power" - coal is dirtiest at the site of consumption, but if you consider the entire supply chain, diesel generators at remote locations might be worse. (Coal is usually supplied directly by train; diesel has to be refined and shipped in by truck.)by duskwuff
6/22/2026 at 11:48:20 AM
> What about the losses in the electricity transmission and the batteries and the conversion to motive force in the motor? Is it way less than that 40%? And wouldn’t there be more than 0% losses because refinery -> power plant shipping?I once read this article and I find the diagram at the top conveys the point perfectly: https://insideevs.com/news/332584/efficiency-compared-batter...
EDIT: I once replied to the occasional "but that's optimistic for EV and pessimistic for ICE" poster: IIRC, making every EV step 10% worse (e.g. 15% energy losses in transport, storage and distribution) still has EV come out on top by a decent margin.
That chart also partially tells the reason why hydrogen is not going to be a solution for cars: you'd be swapping gasoline for a much greener but only slightly more efficient fuel, while carrying around bulky tanks and having to redo the entire transport network (oil pipes won't do). Maybe for things were work/mass works in favor (naval shipping would likely be one of those) and/or for storage it may make economic sense.
Technology is evolving, so perhaps some day we'll be able to produce and store hydrogen with losses similar to the EV chain, but I doubt it: hydrogen is the simplest gas of all and it's extremely reactive, plus its molecules are tiny (it can leak through metals), so tanks and pipes need to be done with different materials, and I doubt we'll find better containment materials given the physics.
by plqbfbv
6/21/2026 at 5:36:39 PM
As I understand it, it's a mix of factors.Charging Lithium, and converting to motive force in motors are both pretty efficient. (Both >90%).
An ICE vehicle has an upper limit on efficiency that is lower than what a modern fossil fuel plant can reach, and the ICE is less likely to sit at peak efficiency all the time. The world record, set this year was 48%. Previously, it was 41%.
Power plants are much more likely to be kept at or near their peak efficiency and have the space for systems like heat recovery (to recapture waste heat) and emissions controls. For a gas turbine plant, I think the record is ~64% sustained.
by ectoloph
6/21/2026 at 9:06:33 PM
Highly recommend everyone watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtQ9nt2ZeGMBriefly, the most important reason an EV is better because it unlocks energy portability. You gain the flexibility to source your energy in many more ways than with a gas car. Oil energy is about as optimized as it's ever going to get. With electricity, we're just getting started.
by ak217
6/22/2026 at 7:34:51 AM
Even if you charged your EV from a diesel genset every day, you’d be burning that fuel much more efficiently running the genset under a constant ~75% load than you would be burning it in an equivalent ICE vehicle.by bigfatkitten
6/21/2026 at 7:10:42 PM
> We'll probably notice the reduction in sulfur pollution more than the reduction in CO2.I feel like I've read something about the effects of reducing sulfur production already: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/feed/unintended-warmin...
by try_the_bass
6/21/2026 at 7:18:06 PM
> Road transportation uses about 20x as much fuel as ocean shipping, planes use about 2x as much, and trains about the same amount.I’m misunderstanding something. Planes use twice as much fuel while road uses 20x more?
by lostlogin
6/21/2026 at 7:37:59 PM
There are way more cars than planes.by crote
6/21/2026 at 8:36:26 PM
Oh, is this a fleet measure rather than a 'per unit moved'?by lostlogin
6/21/2026 at 10:23:50 PM
Yes, all road transport together uses 20x as much fuel as all marine transport together.by bryanlarsen
6/22/2026 at 5:31:39 AM
That's really a strange statement then...Helicopter express transports only use 1% of the fuel of maritime shipping!
by unglaublich
6/22/2026 at 5:57:47 AM
It’s hard to use too.I want foot traffic in there, as that’s going to be a huge portion of transport.
by lostlogin
6/21/2026 at 7:51:19 PM
> The top graph makes it seem much more dramatic than it is.It's all projections, too. They don't even have a line to show where they are going from actuals to guesses.
by Animats
6/21/2026 at 10:22:00 PM
Does "the future is a prediction" actually have to be explicitly stated?by bryanlarsen
6/21/2026 at 11:05:20 PM
Yes. It's important to know whose prediction, and what it's based on.">15% of corporate revenue is expected to come from the metaverse in the next 5 years according to 25% of senior executives" - McKinsey [1]
[1] https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/growth-marketing-and-s...
by Animats
6/22/2026 at 3:26:39 PM
The article cites sources.by bryanlarsen
6/21/2026 at 8:40:42 PM
> trains about the same amountThe nice thing about trains is that they can run on electricity.
It does require investing in overhead wires.
by silvestrov
6/21/2026 at 8:44:32 PM
They aren’t great at shipping things from Europe and Asia to the United States, though.by cortesoft
6/21/2026 at 9:11:15 PM
Wouldn’t water have a lot more drag than wheels?by bilsbie
6/21/2026 at 9:19:09 PM
I suspect that the GP's numbers are total, not per ton-mile of cargo (which, to my mind, makes them useless for efficiency discussions). They might make sense for discussion of the actual article, though.by AnimalMuppet
6/21/2026 at 9:30:14 PM
Yes but it's also buoyant. You can put a lot more stuff on ships, and increased inertia does offset the drag losses versus acceleration lossesby XorNot
6/21/2026 at 8:19:38 PM
[dead]by 486sx33
