alt.hn

4/23/2026 at 12:37:18 PM

I spent years trying to make CSS states predictable

 https://tenphi.me/blog/why-i-spent-years-trying-to-make-css-states-predictable/

by tenphi

4/23/2026 at 8:25:19 PM

My final conclusion about CSS is - program the damn machine.

What I mean by this is STOP every single type of abstraction/library/programming layer for CSS - nothing gets it right, everything causes a problem.

The ONLY way to deal with CSS is program it directly in the way the docs say, never anything else.

There's nothing wrong with using Bootstrap or whatever, and I definitely use JavaScript to program CSS. What I am saying is - no abstractions - no "better way" - no trying to turn CSS into something it isn't via whatever your new abstraction is that can be added to the N other abstractions that other people have made over the years.

Program the damn machine.

by wewewedxfgdf

4/24/2026 at 1:36:48 AM

Yes. It’s been twenty years of watching people pick an fussy framework because they don’t want to learn the tool, then struggle to get the results they want because the framework is flawed but they didn’t learn enough to understand how and when to fight it.

And with grid, variables, animation, container queries, modern CSS is amazing. You just need to treat it with a little respect.

by coffeefirst

4/24/2026 at 1:37:57 AM

Lots of developers feel they need a library to program anything - got forbid that you should program that actual machine.

by wewewedxfgdf

4/23/2026 at 8:28:54 PM

For me nothing beats plain old classes and an external css file. For PWAs I just use lit css within the element, again with classes and plain css. If things cause problems, just figure out why and fix the classes.

by yoz-y

4/23/2026 at 11:33:05 PM

CSS suffers from one of its original design tenants in that it's very easy to throw some shit at the wall and kind of get it working without fully understanding it. This is especially true for people who have dabbled in it from time to time in their career when absolutely needed. It's rare to see someone sit down and learn it from first principles. It doesn't take long and knowing the basic theory goes a long ways!

by ericwood

4/24/2026 at 1:41:31 AM

I agree. I taught myself CSS1 by reading the spec (it was limited, small and simple). CSS2 was a lot bigger and way more complex but Eric Meyer's Salmon book helped a lot.

One problem (20yrs ago at least) was that for a long time the specs weren't supported very well by common browsers. So everyone just prodded at hacks using trial and error instead of learning it. That approach never really went away even after support improved.

by antod

4/24/2026 at 7:14:01 AM 

  > So everyone just prodded at hacks using trial and error instead of learning it.
And that is exactly why all those frameworks started appearing. It wasn't developer laziness. It was developer sanity.

by dotancohen

4/24/2026 at 2:13:03 AM

> CSS suffers from one of its original design tenants in that it's very easy to throw some shit at the wall and kind of get it working without fully understanding it

And dev tools made this feedback loop much faster.

by jgalt212

4/24/2026 at 7:33:57 AM

The worst part is that inevitably the frameworks end up being harder to learn than CSS due to feature accretion

by bandrami

4/24/2026 at 9:21:02 AM

[dead]

by tenphi

4/23/2026 at 8:45:53 PM

This is exactly how I feel. Learn how to write CSS! Like you would do with any language!

by herpdyderp

4/24/2026 at 3:29:31 AM

Been writing CSS since 1997. Your mistake is thinking that the authors of these frameworks (or their target audience) just don't know how to use CSS correctly. But it's far more likely that the authors know far, far more about the intricacies of CSS and how it works than most developers. These frameworks are almost always developed by people with deep experience in the trenches, who have realized that CSS scales fucking terribly... not because they are misinformed or did anything wrong.

Namely:

- Selectors are a global namespace. Imagine if every variable and function in your favorite programming languages were global and so had to be unique. No modules or namespaces. Developing a system to fix that would be pretty high on my list of priorities... coming up with a cool solution and then people telling me to "just learn the language" would be pretty fucking infuriating, don't you think?

- Several fighting priority systems (did you know about newer ones like @layer?). And equivalent priority falls back to source order - OK, so how do you square that with dynamic loading? Some navigation paths through an app would inject some CSS first whereas others would inject other CSS first. Good luck!

by exogen

4/24/2026 at 3:39:46 AM

> Selectors are a global namespace. Imagine if every variable and function in your favorite programming languages were global and so had to be unique.

A selector is not not a variable or a function. CSS has functions (e.g translate) and it has variables, which are both distinct concepts in the language from selectors.

> No modules or namespaces. CSS is not supposed to be a turing complete general purpose programming language. Why would you need namespaces and modules to style up HTML tags?

by pjaoko

4/24/2026 at 3:45:33 AM

Because many web sites and apps aren't as simple as "my first homepage" and don't only consist of first-party code. Think component libraries. Reusable code. Content management systems. Third-party SDKs (chat widgets, support widgets, payment widgets like Stripe, etc.).

One of my earliest webdev jobs was at a company whose product was a widget you could add to your site by adding our `<script>` tag. Thus, our CSS needed to coexist with the first-party site's, not to mention any other third-party widgets on there. In other words: the same exact reason you need modules in traditional languages.

by exogen

4/24/2026 at 4:52:25 AM

It's true in a case where you are doing the described thing you will need to come up with your own module system and ways to not step on other people's stuff but it isn't actually difficult. Although I have noticed some stories recently were quite big companies evidently didn't put in the work to keep from messing up other people's stuff.

Of course one drawback with that is you are also depending on developers and content managers at sites following your documentation on how to use your products, which is a different problem.

on edit: obviously if you have been writing css since 1997 and one of your first webdev jobs was this kind of thing, things were much more difficult back then. I did the same sort of thing in 2014-2015, not particularly difficult to make work. I worked web dev since 1999, first job was dynamic generation of web sites and other media from single source data.

by bryanrasmussen

4/24/2026 at 4:44:51 AM

>Selectors are a global namespace.

what does this mean? Selectors are how you query a particular element to apply styles to it, I think what you mean is that selectors as a query language does not allow you to query any element from any other element the way you can with XPath but in many use cases you need to start querying globally.

but we can also see that the only way that querying from element to any other element makes sense if you could do something like (pseudo XPath / CSS abomination coming up)

.someclass[[ancestor::.mainEntry .headline:empty]]

or maybe you would prefer

.mainEntry[[.headline:empty]] .someclass

which sure, I have, some very few times thought boy it would be nice if I could do more involved context selection in CSS based on an elements surrounding DOM than sibling axis and the like offer.

however > Imagine if every variable and function in your favorite programming languages were global and so had to be unique.

yes, I know you are not saying that variables in CSS need to be global. However I think you have perhaps not internalized yet how CSS variables and scoping rules work have created a situation that allows for often elegantly solving problems that one might wish one had a more powerful query language to handle.

The following is of course not elegant, but is an example of how we change the design of .someclass based on having an ancestor mainEntry that has an empty .headline using variables.

https://codepen.io/bryanrasmussen/pen/xbEoabM

>OK, so how do you square that with dynamic loading? Some navigation paths through an app would inject some CSS first whereas others would inject other CSS first.

yes I've run into this situation before, however for me it was a framework issue not a css standards issue, and it sounds to me with phrases like "navigation paths" and "app inject some css" that it was a JS framework that made you unhappy and not actually the state of Web standards.

by bryanrasmussen

4/24/2026 at 10:57:46 AM

> However I think you have perhaps not internalized yet how CSS variables and scoping rules work have created a situation that allows for often elegantly solving problems that one might wish one had a more powerful query language to handle.

As you already said, this approach would work fine if you had no external payloads that inject their own HTML and CSS on the page, either at runtime or by being loaded by other modules in a CMS.

It also breaks when your :root selector is being polluted by overly generic variables by your platform, like in the most recent versions of Wordpress.

by easyThrowaway

4/24/2026 at 6:06:50 AM

> .someclass[[ancestor::.mainEntry .headline:empty]]

> or maybe you would prefer

> .mainEntry[[.headline:empty]] .someclass

I don't really know xpath but isn't that this?

.mainEntry:has(.headline:empty) .someClass

by Izkata

4/24/2026 at 12:18:00 PM

D'oh! right, got lost in trying to think up a situation nowadays where you can't really do a meaningful query that takes all DOM context into account. Not sure if all edge cases are not actually handled by has and is, actually.

by bryanrasmussen

4/23/2026 at 11:57:41 PM

I've loved tailwind for the colocation of the component HTML and its corresponding styling (never gave up on traditional CSS though!), but with scoped styles I might start leaning back to traditional CSS.

by jjpones

4/24/2026 at 10:20:02 AM

I mean... sure, just tell me how to write a fully responsive landing page straight from a PSD file by the marketing dept in roughly less than an hour without using Bootstrap or, for goodness sake, Tailwind and I'm ready to drop any framework and write "bare metal" (Ah!) CSS.

I'd also like if anyone could look at the specifications for CSS, ideally for Grid, especially the `grid-template-*` and `grid-auto-*` subset of rules, mixmaxing and gotchas and tell me what CSS exactly is right now, So I can avoid turning it into something that is not.

by easyThrowaway

4/24/2026 at 3:46:14 AM

The only way to deal with a poorly designed system is NOT giving up, but engineering your way out of it

by eviks

4/24/2026 at 4:20:39 AM

Also: web layouts are meant to look different on different screens. I had to program my own layouts from scratch for embedded devices and games before. And that occasionally made me wish for CSS.

CSS is fine. Most people just never learned it.

by atoav

4/23/2026 at 1:01:18 PM

Happy to take questions! I built this because I kept hitting the same wall: CSS state resolution is opaque when states overlap, and extending components means mentally re-deriving the whole selector matrix every time.

Some topics I'm curious what people think about:

- What’s the one thing this doesn’t cover that you’d expect it to?

- Does the syntax feel natural to you, or did you find yourself confused by anything?

- I'm looking for edge cases: what kind of complex selector scenario would trip this compiler up or be impossible to express with this model?

AMA—happy to answer any questions about the tool, the implementation, or the design choices.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 2:45:22 AM

The simple solution is :enabled:hover. For example:

  .btn {
    &:enabled:hover {
      background: dodgerblue;
    }
    &:disabled {
      background: gray;
    }
  }

by efortis

4/24/2026 at 3:44:56 AM

For every complex problem there is a solution that is clear, simple, and wrong.

by techbrovanguard

4/23/2026 at 6:53:24 PM

This sounds interesting, but I’d need to think about it more so I could picture how things fit together as they get more complex and different styles logically overlap. This looks to head in the utility direction possibly too far for that to work nicely. But it may well work better than I’m initially imagining.

Unfortunately I can’t give it more attention now, because I should have gone to sleep a couple of hours ago…

—⁂—

Another approach entirely is to embrace last-declaration-wins, by :where()ing everything:

  :where(.t0)           { background: var(--primary-color); }
  :where(.t0:hover)     { background: var(--primary-hover-color); }
  :where(.t0:active)    { background: var(--primary-pressed-color); }
  :where(.t0[disabled]) { background: var(--surface-color); }
I’d be interested to know which approach performs better once you have altogether too many elements and altogether too complex selectors. I suspect the :where() would win, but that the difference would be impossible to detect in any sort of realistic load.

by chrismorgan

4/24/2026 at 8:43:08 AM

It took me years to picture "how things fit together as they get more complex and different styles logically overlap". I hope we didn't lose you :)

Considering the `:where` approach, I would say it might work most of the time, but it doesn't cover cases where you don't need to set a value, or when your condition requires a more complex selector (e.g., a parent/root context). It was very important for me to support all cases, so I don't feel limited by the tool.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 11:41:32 AM

> cases where you don't need to set a value

I don’t know what you mean.

> when your condition requires a more complex selector (e.g., a parent/root context)

I don’t see the problem. :where() takes a <complex-selector-list>.

by chrismorgan

4/24/2026 at 12:29:46 PM

For example, I want to set (override the inherited one) a custom property by default, but not when some condition is met. Yes, it might be solved with `inherit`, but in other cases `initial` should be used. I prefer not to define anything unless necessary, so the default (from the cascade) can still be used.

You are probably right about `:where`, but using it with complex selectors might noticeably affect the performance, as it does with `:has`. Didn't run any test for `:where` specifically, though. Also, we apply lots of styles to the same elements, most of which are overridden.

Another issue is using a different set of longhand/shorthand properties for different states that won't be correctly overridden in this approach.

So it might work pretty well in most of the cases, especially simple ones. But it's definitely not better than mutually exclusive selectors.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 12:07:27 AM

I’ve made some gnarly custom forms over the years but never quite run into the problem you’re describing.

These days if starting a greenfield web app, each page has its own style/css sent in the head tag.

Because it’s usually just base layout + page specific styles/overrides then it barely adds any overhead in the scheme of things(couple of extra KB).

Maybe the base layout could be moved into a static file to be cached but whatever, it’s already ridiculously quick to render plain html/css.

by grebc

4/24/2026 at 8:35:51 AM

If you lack a solid component system, you likely do not require complex tools to manage CSS.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 6:25:34 AM

I can agree that CSS is really unpredictable. However ,not being able to put CSS in a file isn't a small change. It makes other people to read the code harder, and mixing css and js just doesn't feel right. But just to keep my self safe, I know how people reacted to react at first. This might be normal in the future. Maybe.

by invalidSyntax

4/24/2026 at 9:01:10 AM

Exactly. And we won't find out if we don't try. Also, specifically, this approach is more JSON-based (compared to other CSS-in-JS). So you can easily put styles into a separate file if you want, JS or JSON. But I prefer defining styled components in a separate file, as `styled-components` recommends.

by tenphi

4/23/2026 at 11:11:42 PM

Personally I just increase the specificity as needed.

.thing

.thing-container .thing

html body .thing-container .thing.thing.thing.thing

by Pikamander2

4/24/2026 at 8:31:54 AM

Great, if it suits your needs. In a big enterprise product, it would be a waste to have so many CSS that are not actually used. Also, maintaining this seems like a nightmare to me.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 4:30:16 AM

Reminds me of styled components. If the goal is generating the selector why not let the body be a string: ```{ Item: "color: red;" }```?

by bryzaguy

4/24/2026 at 8:29:49 AM

Because usually each style requires its own set of states, and raw strings are hard to type (in Typescript). But there are even more reasons.

`styled-components` is just an advanced CSS injector. We used it as an injector in the early version of Tasty.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 1:21:54 AM

I also spent years on the same problem. I was creating a programming language for designers, which was supposed to abstract away the complexity of CSS. Long story short, I gave up.

by danielvaughn

4/24/2026 at 8:25:31 AM

Sorry to hear it. I didn't. And now our designers can tweak the code directly to adjust component styling. They can finally read and edit styles.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 9:48:12 AM

Actually, most importantly, AI can read and edit styles. CSS is hard enough on its own; adding overrides makes it so complex that it becomes unmanageable at scale.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 11:03:21 AM

> You are no longer just writing styles. You are maintaining a resolution system in your head.

by efilife

4/24/2026 at 12:47:28 PM

I was, but now it's written in the code.

by tenphi

4/24/2026 at 4:57:31 AM

[dead]

by _alphageek

4/23/2026 at 7:09:30 PM

Probably because you aren't using Sin

by porsager