2/1/2026 at 8:18:52 AM
If you're interacting with stateful systems (which you usually are with this kind of command), --dry-run can still have a race condition.The tool tells you what it would do in the current situation, you take a look and confirm that that's alright. Then you run it again without --dry-run, in a potentially different situation.
That's why I prefer Terraform's approach of having a "plan" mode. It doesn't just tell you what it would do but does so in the form of a plan it can later execute programmatically. Then, if any of the assumptions made during planning have changed, it can abort and roll back.
As a nice bonus, this pattern gives a good answer to the problem of having "if dry_run:" sprinkled everywhere: You have to separate the planning and execution in code anyway, so you can make the "just apply immediately" mode simply execute(plan()).
by muvlon
2/1/2026 at 3:46:50 PM
>That's why I prefer Terraform's approach of having a "plan" mode. It doesn't just tell you what it would do but does so in the form of a plan it can later execute programmatically. Then, if any of the assumptions made during planning have changed, it can abort and roll back.Not to take anything away from your comment but just to add a related story... the previous big AWS outage had an unforeseen race condition between their DNS planner vs DNS executor:
>[...] Right before this event started, one DNS Enactor experienced unusually high delays needing to retry its update on several of the DNS endpoints. As it was slowly working through the endpoints, several other things were also happening. First, the DNS Planner continued to run and produced many newer generations of plans. Second, one of the other DNS Enactors then began applying one of the newer plans and rapidly progressed through all of the endpoints. The timing of these events triggered the latent race condition. When the second Enactor (applying the newest plan) completed its endpoint updates, it then invoked the plan clean-up process, which identifies plans that are significantly older than the one it just applied and deletes them. At the same time that this clean-up process was invoked, the first Enactor (which had been unusually delayed) applied its much older plan to the regional DDB endpoint, overwriting the newer plan. The check that was made at the start of the plan application process, which ensures that the plan is newer than the previously applied plan, was stale by this time due to the unusually high delays in Enactor processing. [...]
previous HN thread: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45677139
by jasode
2/1/2026 at 8:19:43 PM
Overkill I’m sure for many things but I’m curious as to whether there’s a TLA kind of solution for this sort of thing. It feels like it could although it depends how well modelled things are (also aware this is a 30s thought and lots of better qualified people work on this full time).by IanCal
2/1/2026 at 9:56:50 AM
And just like that, you find yourself implementing a compiler (specs to plan) and a virtual machine (plan to actions)!by nlehuen
2/1/2026 at 10:46:28 AM
> And just like that, you find yourself implementing a compiler (specs to plan) and a virtual machine (plan to actions)!Not just any compiler, but a non-typesafe, ad-hoc, informally specified grammar with a bunch of unspecified or under-specified behaviour.
Not sure if we can call this a win :-)
by lelanthran
2/1/2026 at 6:12:11 PM
Greenspun's tenth rule in action!by nvader
2/2/2026 at 9:47:28 PM
It can be type safe and testable with free monadsby sharno
2/1/2026 at 4:52:04 PM
This is why I think things like devops benefit from the traditional computer science education. Once you see the pattern, whatever project you were assigned looks like something you've done before. And your users will appreciate the care and attention.by jrockway
2/1/2026 at 2:17:51 PM
I think you're already doing that? The only thing that's added is serializing the plan to a file and then deserializing it to make the changes.by bbkane
2/1/2026 at 5:57:07 PM
Yeah any time you're translating "user args" and "system state" to actions + execution and supporting a "dry run" preview it seems like you only really have two options: the "ad-hoc quick and dirty informal implementation", or the "let's actually separate the planning and assumption checking and state checking from the execution" design.by majormajor
2/1/2026 at 6:57:40 PM
I was thinking that he's describing implementing an initial algebra for a functor (≈AST) and an F-Algebra for evaluation. But I guess those are different words for the same things.by schindlabua
2/1/2026 at 8:23:04 AM
I like that idea! For an application like Terraform, Ansible or the like, it seems ideal.For something like in the article, I’m pretty sure a plan mode is overkill though.
Planning mode must involve making a domain specific language or data structure of some sort, which the execution mode will interpret and execute. I’m sure it would add a lot of complexity to a reporting tool where data is only collected once per day.
by Jolter
2/1/2026 at 8:50:10 AM
No need to overthink it. In any semi-modern language you can (de)serialize anything to and from JSON, so it's really not that hard. The only thing you need to do is have a representation for the plan in your program. Which I will argue is probably the least error-prone way to implement --dry-run anyway (as opposed to sprinkling branches everywhere).by muvlon
2/1/2026 at 9:43:36 AM
> you can (de)serialize anything to and from JSON, so it's really not that hardFirst, it is hard, especially in at least somewhat portable manner.
Second, serialization only matters if you cannot (storage, IPC) pass data around in-memory anyway. That's not the problem raised, though. Whatever the backing implementation, the plan, ultimately, consists of some instructions (verbs in parent) over objects (arguments in parent). Serializing instructions any other way than dropping non-portable named references requires one to define execution language, which is not an easy feat.
> The only thing you need to do is have a representation for the plan in your program.
That "only" is doing lifting heavier than you probably realize. Such representation, which is by the way specified to be executable bidirectionally (roll back capabilities), is a full blown program, so you end up implementing language spec, godegen and execution engines. In cases of relatively simple business models that is going to be the majority of the engineering effort.
by friendzis
2/1/2026 at 11:50:35 AM
> First, it is hard, especially in at least somewhat portable manner.I'm curious what portability concerns you've run into with JSON serialization. Unless you need to deal with binary data for some reason, I don't immediately see an issue.
> Such representation, which is by the way specified to be executable bidirectionally (roll back capabilities), is a full blown program
Of course this depends on the complexity of your problem, but I'd imagine this could be as simple as a few configuration flags for some problems. You have a function to execute the process that takes the configuration and a function to roll back that takes the same configuration. This does tie the representation very closely to the program itself so it doesn't work if you want to be able to change the program and have previously generated "plans" continue to work.
by michaelmior
2/2/2026 at 7:04:25 AM
> I'm curious what portability concerns you've run into with JSON serialization.The hard part concerns instructions and it is not technical implementation of serializing an in-memory data structures into serialization format (be it JSON or something bespoke) that is the root of complexity.
> You have a function to execute the process that takes the configuration and a function to roll back that takes the same configuration.
Don't forget granularity and state tracking. The opposite of a seemingly simple operation like "set config option foo to bar" is not a straightforward inverse: you need to track the previous value. Does the dry run stop at computing the final value for foo and leaves possible access control issues to surface during real run or does it perform "write nothing" operation to catch those?
> This does tie the representation very closely to the program itself so it doesn't work if you want to be able to change the program and have previously generated "plans" continue to work.
Why serialize then? Dump everything into one process space and call the native functions. Serialization implies either strictly, out of band controlled interfaces, which is a fragile implementation of codegen+interpreter machinery.
by friendzis
2/1/2026 at 9:07:37 AM
Right, but you still have to define every ”verb” your plan will have, their ”arguments”, etc. Not need to write a parser (even Java can serialize/deserialize stuff), as you say, but you have to meta-engineer the tool. Not just script a series of commands.by Jolter
2/1/2026 at 12:19:19 PM
It's not strictly related to the original theme, but I want to mention this.Ansible implementation is okay, but not perfect (plus, this is difficult to implement properly). For cases like file changes, it works, but if you install a package and rely on it later, the --check command will fail. So I am finding myself adding conditions like "is this a --check run?"
Ansible is treated as an idempotent tool, which it's not. If I delete a package from the list, then it will pollute the system until I create a set of "tearing-down" jobs.
Probably, Nix is a better alternative.
by d7w
2/1/2026 at 6:57:12 PM
I think it's configurable, but my experience with terraform is that by default when you `terraform apply` it refreshes state, which seems to be tantamount to running a new plan. i.e. its not simply executing whats in the plan, its effectively running a fresh plan and using that. The plan is more like a preview.by richstokes
2/1/2026 at 7:18:59 PM
That is the default, but the correct (and poorly documented and supported) way to use terraform is to save the plan and re-use it when you apply. See the -out parameter to terraform plan, and then never apply again without it.by GauntletWizard
2/1/2026 at 9:20:56 AM
Yes! I'm currently working on a script that modifies a bunch of sensitive files, and this the approach I'm taking to make sure I don't accidentally lose any important data.I've split the process into three parts:
1. Walk the filesystem, capture the current state of the files, and write out a plan to disk.
2. Make sure the state of the files from step 1 has not changed, then execute the plan. Capture the new state of the files. Additionally, log all operations to disk in a journal.
3. Validate that no data was lost or unexpectedly changed using the captured file state from steps 1 and 2. Manually look at the operations log (or dump it into an LLM) to make sure nothing looks off.
These three steps can be three separate scripts, or three flags to the same script.
by GeneralMaximus
2/1/2026 at 6:04:42 PM
Totally agree, and this is covered in an (identically named?) Google Research blog [1].Just last week I was writing a demo-focused Python file called `safetykit.py`, which has its first demo as this:
def praise_dryrun(dryrun: bool = True) -> None:
...
def gather(paths):
files = []
for pattern in paths:
files.extend(glob.glob(pattern))
return files
def execute(files):
for f in files:
os.remove(f)
files = gather([os.path.join(tmp_dir, "*.txt")])
if dryrun:
print(f"Would remove: {files}")
else:
execute(files)
by thundergolfer
2/1/2026 at 8:30:22 PM
G-Research is a trading firm, not Google researchby wrxd
2/1/2026 at 8:41:38 PM
The G stands for "Google", does it not?by thundergolfer
2/1/2026 at 9:31:13 PM
There is no relation.by Bootvis
2/1/2026 at 1:58:19 PM
> That's why I prefer Terraform's approach of having a "plan" mode. It doesn't just tell you what it would do but does so in the form of a plan it can later execute programmatically. Then, if any of the assumptions made during planning have changed, it can abort and roll back.And how do you imagine doing that for the "rm" command?
by HackerThemAll
2/2/2026 at 7:12:45 PM
In my case, I’d use a ZFS snapshot. Many equivalent tools exist on different OSes and filesystems as well.by zbentley
2/3/2026 at 11:20:40 AM
Really? Should I be snapshotting the volume before every "rm"? Even if it's a part of routine file exchanges between machines? (As it happens for many production lines, especially older ones).I think the current semantic of "rm" works fine. But I understand the new world where we'll perhaps gonna be deleting single files using Terraform or cluster of machines, or possibly LLMs/AI agents.
by HackerThemAll
2/3/2026 at 1:38:49 PM
Oh, I don't think we should change the semantics of "rm"--not because reversibility is unimportant (shameless self-promotion: it is: https://blog.zacbentley.com/post/on-reversibility/), but because baking it into "rm" is the wrong layer.Folks usually want reversibility in the context of a logical set of operations, like a Terraform apply. For shell commands like "rm", the logical set of operations might be a session (having a ZFS snapshot taken on terminal session start, with a sane auto-delete/age-out rotation, would be super useful! I might script that up in my shell profile in fact) or a script, or a task/prompt/re-prompt of an AI agent. But yeah, it definitely shouldn't happen at the level of a singular "rm" call.
Since filesystem snapshots (in most snapshot-capable filesystems, not just ZFS) are very simple to create, and are constant-time or otherwise extremely fast to perform, the overhead of taking this approach wouldn't be too hard.
by zbentley
2/1/2026 at 6:41:49 PM
I had a similar (but not as good) thought which was to separate out the action from the planning in code then inject the action system. So —-dry-run would pass the ConsoleOutput() action interface but without it passes a LiveExecutor() (I’m sure there’s a better name).Assuming our system is complex enough. I guess it sits between if dry_run and execute(plan()) in its complexity.
by scott_w