alt.hn

12/30/2025 at 1:10:56 PM

The British empire's resilient subsea telegraph network

https://subseacables.blogspot.com/2025/12/the-british-empires-resilient-subsea.html

by giuliomagnifico

12/30/2025 at 2:57:17 PM

An interesting book on the subject of telegraph networks is The Victorian Internet by Tom Standage [1]. As well as the technical and commercial drivers, it also describes how the telegraph forced people to confront concepts like simultaneity, information being distinct from its physical medium, privacy, early approaches to encryption, etc. A fascinating book.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victorian_Internet

by andyjohnson0

12/30/2025 at 7:35:15 PM

That book led me to Gutta Percha, the plastic-like coating on the wires used in these cables which was quite the innovation and made this all possible. Vulcanized rubber was the other option but performed poorly in cables and was harder to work with.

https://atlantic-cable.com/Article/GuttaPercha/

The above is a fascinating and depressing history of the Gutta Percha factory that made all these cables, after joining with the cable company that supplied the actual wires. There's an 1853 travelogue piece embedded here of an author visiting the factory, where he notes in the worst parts of the factory where boiling and heat are applied, it was staffed with boys who barely made more than a dollar a week. By boys I thought it was slang for young men then I realized 1850s England was heavily using child labor.

Those cables are the product of child labor, like much of the Victorian age's industrial and textile output. Children often made up significant portions of factory workforces, sometimes 25-50% in certain textile sectors, with many under 14. I wish the stories of child labor were better told and more prominent. This abuse and exploitation of children gets quite whitewashed during this age and its nice to see it acknowledged, albeit briefly.

by zoeysmithe

12/30/2025 at 9:24:49 PM

At least in the UK the fact that the Victorians and others used a lot of child labour is well and widely known.

Blake wrote the poem The Chimney Sweeper about boys sold into the trade long before the 1850s and Elizabeth Barrett Browning published The Cry of the Children in Blackwood's magazine in 1843. Charles Kingsley used his The Water Babies to question child labour and England's treatment of the poor in general in 1862-3.

No one with any pretensions to knowledge of those times can claim not to know about child labour.

by ninalanyon

12/30/2025 at 9:30:12 PM

I imagine the percent of people who know these telegram cables were made by children is a very low percentage.

by zoeysmithe

12/31/2025 at 11:18:33 AM

The number of people who know anything of history at all, even history of their own peoples, their own country, their own family, is "very low". Absent of course the "history" that Hollywood and other popular media pumps out.

by nickdothutton

12/31/2025 at 10:15:05 AM

I think their point is that most peoole aware of the time period know child labour in factories was prominent, especially thanks to Dickens and other authors, so most would guess or be unsurprised to find these cable factories employed children.

by Xss3

12/31/2025 at 4:12:16 AM

What difference does 10 years make when you are working in a shitty factory for peanuts?

by fastball

12/31/2025 at 7:02:59 AM

Is this a serious question? Then here’s a serious answer - the difference between employing a 9 year old and a 19 year old for a dangerous job is All the difference in the world.

by testdelacc1

12/31/2025 at 3:01:45 PM

Did you answer the question? Your answer to "how are they different?" was... "they're different".

Children have been working in dangerous environments since the dawn of humanity. Genuinely interested in why you think the industrial revolution and X years old is where we should draw the line.

by fastball

1/1/2026 at 9:37:12 PM

Because we reach a certain point where it's possible and reasonable to do so.

The ultimate goal of humanity should be UBI and all humans living a content, peaceful life in which they can pursue the things that interest them.

But because of evolutionary behaviours that result in things like capitalism, we'll never reach that goal. I'll say it now: humans are currently biologically incapable of sustaining a true utopia.

by fennecbutt

1/2/2026 at 3:37:33 AM

I still do not understand how this relates to child labor during the industrial revolution.

by fastball

12/30/2025 at 7:11:40 PM

The GBP/USD currency pair is still known just as "the cable".

Aside from all its other uses: the telegraph gave a way to synchronize clocks. And accurate time is accurate measurement of distance.

> [...] The latest determination in 1892 is due to the cooperation of the McGill College Observatory at Montreal, Canada, with the Greenwich Observatory. [...] The final value for the longitude of the Harvard Observatory at Cambridge, as adjusted in June, 1897, is 4h 44m 31s.046 ±0s.048.

-- https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1897AJ.....18...25S

71.12936 W; give or take about 2 metres: https://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=42.38148%7E-71.12936&style...

by retrac

12/30/2025 at 9:54:55 PM

One of the major uses for the telegraph was the first funds transfers that could happen quicker than moving paper (or bullion) from one location to another. London banks would telegraph correspondent banks in India, Australia, etc.

This essentially doubled the capital intensity of international trade since the goods had to move in one direction but the money could be sent instantaneously in the other.

by tor825gl

12/31/2025 at 11:10:31 AM

Made it that much less likely that anyone would withdraw their gold from banks due to the disparity in utility between deposits and cash.

Paved the way for the downfall of physical money, and over a century of warfare in the absence of any sort of monetary discipline.

Thankfully we now have the necessary tool to fill that vaccuum.

by cykros

12/31/2025 at 11:58:48 AM

Paper money was well established at this point.

When the pound replaced the Spanish silver dollar as the default global currency, it did so with a nascent international banking system where banknotes issued by a certain bank in a certain location could be exchanged by other banks in other locations.

Payments were thus often settled in metal rather than being transacted with it.

by tor825gl

12/31/2025 at 12:10:13 PM

Terry Pratchett’s Making Money portrays it quite well, imho. It doesn’t hurt that it’s an entertaining read.

I was surprised to realise bank notes used to be tied to a bank, not a state.

by ElFitz

12/31/2025 at 1:38:47 PM

"and over a century of warfare in the absence of any sort of monetary discipline".

There were major wars for millenia before the invention of the telegraph. They even names like "The Hundred Years War".

by chairmansteve

1/1/2026 at 9:34:32 PM

Second this one. I've recommended it before and I'll recommend it again. Read it as a kid and had to grab a physical copy as I couldn't find digital. Well worth the read.

by fennecbutt

12/30/2025 at 5:50:19 PM

Oh wow will definitely give that book a read, very interesting.

by kogasa240p

12/30/2025 at 5:59:57 PM

I've recommended that book on this board before. If you read it, I'd be curious about how you think it hits now, because part of its interest - I'd say insightfulness, at the time, but it now might risk anachronistic "charm" - was noting similar emergent behaviors between telegraph operators and early internet adopters. The technical content won't have dated, but the social parts may have.

by eszed

12/30/2025 at 6:02:13 PM

I came here to recommend this fine book as well.

by jgalt212

12/30/2025 at 2:40:21 PM

When visiting Ayers Rock in Australia I stayed in Alice Springs. While I was there I learnt that Alice Springs exists because it was a repeater station for a telegraph line that stretched from Southern Australia all the way to London. There would be people listening to morse code, and tapping it out again to the next repeater station. Blew my mind that there was a wire that went all the way to London from Australia!

by neillyons

12/30/2025 at 4:08:01 PM

> Blew my mind that there was a wire that went all the way to London from Australia!

Before the telegraph they used to do things wirelessly: https://www.brunningandprice.co.uk/_downloads/telegraph/tele...

(Not quite London to Australia though...)

In the late-1700s/early-1800s the Admiralty Telegraph was used to relay messages between London and Portsmouth (70 odd miles apart) using a semaphore type system with repeater stations every 10 miles or so.

by alexfoo

12/30/2025 at 6:58:16 PM

Yes, the Uk (southern England in particular) is dotted with "Semaphore Hill"s or "Telegraph Hills"s. There's one very close to where I'm sitting now, a few miles NE of Portsmouth.

by kitd

12/30/2025 at 5:52:31 PM

In Tasmania, you can still see at least one semaphore station on Mt Nelson, which is above several suburbs on the south of the city of Hobart. I believe there was a semaphore route from the capital to Port Arthur (convict prison) and possibly other routes over the state too.

https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_histo...

Sadly the semaphore pole itself is gone. The building is still there and was used until 1969.

by vintagedave

12/30/2025 at 4:58:12 PM

To think it was done even 1000s of years prior to that with just smoke and fire! Granted, the ability to communicate through the rain would be a necessity for the British.

by Aromasin

12/31/2025 at 5:50:37 AM

My home country the Netherlands became a republic after a long war with the Spanish that controlled the territory from Spain after having inherited it via various wars and conflicts that divided up the remains of the Carolian empires. The Austrians ended up with a lot of states across what is now Germany and Belgium. France emerged as well as a country.

The Netherlands was too far away from the courts in Spain for them to govern effectively. Travel time was measured in weeks. So, remote regions like that necessarily had a large degree of autonomy. That became the basis for power to centralize around Amsterdam as it was favorably located for for trading. There were a lot of grievances with religious issues (Catholicism vs. Protestantism), taxation, etc. But the Spanish failure to project power from a distance had everything to do with the centralized nature of their empire and long communication channels.

In the so called golden century (17th century), the Netherlands got filthy rich on global trade and expansion. Information and knowledge flowed to and from Amsterdam from all over the world.

The Dutch naval forces dominated the North Sea for quite some time and it's only later that the British emerged as the better/bigger empire. Navies and ships were the fastest way to move information around at the time. Until the British finally upgraded to cables and telegrams which enabled them to have colonies on all continents. They really nailed command and control across their empire for a while.

The Romans had their roads to move armies and information. Shipping and navigation technology leveled that up from the 1400s or so. These days, low latency communication is a commodity of course.

by jillesvangurp

12/31/2025 at 8:09:11 AM

My great, great grand dad carted telegraph poles for the construction of the southern half of that! Family oral history.

by Peteragain

12/30/2025 at 2:46:22 PM

Similar history for Denver.

by dboreham

12/30/2025 at 2:49:10 PM

Fun facts, the subsea telegraph network cables coating were made from Gutta Percha [1].

Unlike normal rubber, it is a type of thermoplastic and it's a popular organic plastic before the petroleum based modern plastic become pervasive [2].

[1] The legacy of undersea cables:

https://blog.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/the-legacy-of-underse...

[2] Gutta-percha:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta-percha

by teleforce

12/30/2025 at 7:27:22 PM

They also got a tiny fraction of the rubber from cutting a whole tree down due to not finding a method to get all the rubber, and so cut almost all of the trees down

by daedrdev

12/30/2025 at 2:25:23 PM

Here is some more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Red_Line

And one of the old cable huts still exists: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Cable_Station

by jphoward

12/30/2025 at 7:03:38 PM

My wife and I were visiting County Kerry in SW Ireland last summer. We were on Valentia Island and quite by chance walked past the telegraph building where the first transatlantic cable came ashore. Only marked by a (very interesting) plaque describing its significance.

by kitd

12/30/2025 at 7:38:29 PM

It was strategically important in WW1 because the British could communicate with the colonies with very chance little chance of messages being intercepted. The Germans, in contrast, didn't have access to their own transatlantic channels and had to use plain-text messages on cables that the UK/US controlled (US operators disallowed coded comms).

by KineticLensman

12/30/2025 at 5:50:24 PM

I love stories like this! Neil Stephenson has a great wired magazine article about information technology of that time, and telegraphs. The article is kind of a precursor to the ideas in his excellent book cryptonomicon. You should stop what you are doing and read that wired article. And then cryptonomicon if you haven't already done it. Best book to read over the rest of our holidays.

Article in paywall at https://www.wired.com/1996/12/ffglass/

The book and the article are fascinating explorations of the impact of technology and cryptography on the world. The people who did the work to invent and build these worldwide systems were just like us (hackers, inventors, technologists), and we are just like them in a way. We all stand on the shoulders of giants.

Also I can't believe that article is 30 years old, boy I'm old.

by Alive-in-2025

12/31/2025 at 10:42:51 AM

I realise it's this is about the all "Red" line but given Britain's long and close relationship with Portugal and the island of Madeira that the line to India didn't run through there.

Aha! OK, after a quick search on Wikipedia I can see that that did in fact happen:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy_in_the_U...

by Lio

12/30/2025 at 8:10:33 PM

The Cable that Changed the World (2024) is pretty nice on the topic. Shows us how, again, most of the things we consider "new" or at even revolutionary most showcase how historical ignorance.

by utopiah

12/30/2025 at 7:48:35 PM

If you enjoy this, you might like to read about the Zimmermann Telegram - British SIGINT that took advantage of this network, bringing the USA in to World War I.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram

by mjlee

12/30/2025 at 11:49:23 PM

Imagine people in 1890s or so, hearing about this almost instant transfer of messages, news to any part of the world - would be nothing short of magical modern technology.

by girishso

12/31/2025 at 1:36:07 AM

If they had a positive outlook on technological development, yea. But that's cultural and perhaps didn't get into full swing until the mid 1900s and has now waned. Look at today how many pessimists hate LLMs despite them being even more magical modern technology.

by foxglacier

12/31/2025 at 9:20:39 AM

?? The system was completed in 1902. There had already been transatlantic telegraph cables (and I assume others) for many decades.

by dan-robertson

12/31/2025 at 9:24:45 AM

Is there a more detailed map of the cables somewhere. The map here and on Wikipedia does not match the OP’s resiliency claims.

by dan-robertson

12/30/2025 at 6:00:18 PM

Seeing the telegraph cross Canada like that reminded me of the network of hotels across Canada that were used by the wealthy on their way to the Orient from Europe during a bygone era.

by thijson

12/30/2025 at 6:55:23 PM

The original internet, more or less. Apparently whales liked to scratch themselves on some of the cables though.

by nephihaha

12/30/2025 at 3:18:42 PM

Is the latency the same now as it was for the signal itself? Obviously the throughput is rather different.

by petesergeant

12/30/2025 at 5:01:27 PM

Over long distances, fibre optic would have lower latency so it'd be shorter if taking the same path today. But these signals would likely have been morse code and sent one-way at a time, so latency wouldn't have been noticed unless the repeaters were people rebroadcasting the signal (no idea how that was done).

by hylaride

12/30/2025 at 6:45:50 PM

> Over long distances, fibre optic would have lower latency so it'd be shorter if taking the same path today.

Source that claim, it's well understood the speed of light is around 66% due to refractive index in glass.

It gets weird with telegraph cables and capacitance, wikipedia at least touches on it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_electricity

by joecool1029

12/30/2025 at 6:56:09 PM

I should have definitely qualified that statement. Technically, electrical signals over copper are "slowed down" less than light through fibre optic cables. However there's attenuation, electromagnetic interference, and other signal loss for electrical signals that (for long haul cables) will mean you will need repeaters that add significant amounts of latency. On top of that, the higher you try and up the frequencies, the worse these problems get.

For some medium-haul stuff, it wouldn't surprise me if you saw copper still being used for lower latency (eg between datacenter sites for flash-trading), but otherwise it's just not economical.

by hylaride

12/30/2025 at 7:20:26 PM

That's the point of hollow-core fibre which is absolutely being used where decreasing latency even by small amounts is worth it.

by everfrustrated

12/30/2025 at 8:53:04 PM

> That's the point of hollow-core fibre

Ok, how does that work though? I understand the concept of lower attenuation since air/vacuum has less molecules to get in the way. Less repeaters, should have less system latency.

What I don't understand is how light is moving through what is a hollow bendable medium. Is the tube that it's in reflective and there's just less time it's passing through it? I guess that's the main one in commercial use to shave some time off, reading about it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic-crystal_fiber

by joecool1029

12/30/2025 at 9:32:13 PM

It works in that light will travel faster in a less dense medium. Remove the relatively denser glass for gas/vacuum.

Also the way fibre works is commonly misunderstood. The light isn't bouncing.

by everfrustrated

12/30/2025 at 9:50:57 PM

My understanding was that the latency was much higher due to manual repeating at stations along the way.

Eg. when the London-Mumbai telegraph was new it took around 45 minutes in one direction.

by tor825gl

12/30/2025 at 7:05:47 PM

... an era bookmarked at the end by the first live music broadcast transatlantic performance of Old Man River from a studio in NYC to a theater in London and that wasn't until 1957 and is a story all on its own

https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/robeson...

by jimmySixDOF